amakuru

Urakoze gusura ibintu bitandukanya ibirahuri bya cabron fibre.Ukoresha verisiyo ya mushakisha hamwe na CSS igarukira.Kuburambe bwiza, turagusaba ko ukoresha mushakisha ivuguruye (cyangwa ugahagarika uburyo bwo guhuza uburyo muri Internet Explorer).Mubyongeyeho, kugirango tumenye inkunga ihoraho, twerekana urubuga rudafite imiterere na JavaScript.
Polymer-fer-beto (FRP) ifatwa nkuburyo bushya kandi bwubukungu bwo gusana ibyubatswe.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hatoranijwe ibikoresho bibiri bisanzwe [fibre carbone fibre reinced polymer (CFRP) na fibre fibre ferfor polymer (GFRP)] byatoranijwe kugirango bige ku ngaruka zishimangira beto ahantu habi.Ikiganiro cyo kurwanya beto irimo FRP kurwanya sulfate hamwe nizunguruka zijyanye no gukonjesha.Microscopi ya electron kugirango yige hejuru no kwangirika kwimbere ya beto mugihe cy'isuri.Impamyabumenyi hamwe nuburyo bwa sodium sulfate yangirika byasesenguwe nagaciro ka pH, microscopi ya SEM electron, hamwe ningufu za EMF.Igeragezwa ryimbaraga za Axial zakoreshejwe mugusuzuma gushimangira inkingi zifatika zifatika za FRP, kandi umubano uhangayikishijwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo kugumana FRP mubidukikije byangiritse.Isesengura ryamakosa ryakozwe kugirango uhindure ibisubizo byikigereranyo ukoresheje uburyo bune bwo guhanura.Ubushakashatsi bwose bwerekana ko inzira yo gutesha agaciro beto yagabanijwe na FRP igoye kandi ifite imbaraga mukibazo cya conjugate.Sodium sulfate yabanje kongera imbaraga za beto muburyo bwayo bubisi.Nyamara, ukwezi gukurikiraho gukonjesha birashobora gukaza umurego wa beto, kandi sodium sulfate iragabanya imbaraga za beto mugutezimbere.Icyitegererezo cyumubare nyawo kirasabwa kwigana umubano uhangayitse, ningirakamaro mugushushanya no gusuzuma ubuzima bwubuzima bwa beto ya FRP.
Nuburyo bushya bwo gushimangira ibintu byakorewe ubushakashatsi kuva mu myaka ya za 70, FRP ifite ibyiza byuburemere bworoshye, imbaraga nyinshi, kurwanya ruswa, kurwanya umunaniro nubwubatsi bworoshye1,2,3.Mugihe ibiciro bigabanuka, biragenda bigaragara mubikorwa bya injeniyeri nka fiberglass (GFRP), fibre karubone (CFRP), fibre basalt (BFRP), na fibre aramid (AFRP), aribwo bukoreshwa cyane na FRP mugushimangira imiterere4, 5 Uburyo bwateganijwe bwo kugumana FRP burashobora kunoza imikorere ifatika no kwirinda gusenyuka imburagihe.Nyamara, ibidukikije bitandukanye byo hanze mubukanishi akenshi bigira ingaruka kumurambe wa beto ya FRP igarukira, bigatuma imbaraga zayo zangirika.
Abashakashatsi benshi bakoze ubushakashatsi ku guhangayika no guhindura ibintu muri beto hamwe nuburyo butandukanye.Yang n'abandi.6 basanze guhangayikishwa cyane no guhangayika bifitanye isano neza no gukura mubyimba bya fibrous.Wu et al.7 yabonye umurongo-uhangayikishije umurongo wa beto ya FRP ukoresheje ubwoko butandukanye bwa fibre kugirango uhanure imitwaro iremereye.Lin et al.8 yasanze moderi ya FRP ihangayikishije ingero zuzengurutse, kare, urukiramende, na elliptique nazo ziratandukanye cyane, kandi zashyizeho uburyo bushya bushingiye ku gishushanyo mbonera-gihangayikishije ukoresheje igipimo cy'ubugari na radiyo inguni nkibipimo.Lam et al.9 yabonye ko guhuzagurika hamwe no kugabanuka kwa FRP byatumye habaho gucika intege no guhangayika muri FRP kuruta mu bizamini bya slab.Byongeye kandi, abahanga bize imbogamizi zuburyo nuburyo bushya bwo gukumira bakurikije ibishushanyo mbonera nyabyo bikenewe.Wang n'abandi.[10] yakoze ibizamini byo guhunika kuri axe kumurongo wuzuye, igice kandi ntigabanijwe muburyo butatu.Icyitegererezo cya "stress-stress" cyateguwe kandi coefficient zingaruka zo kugabanya beto zifunze igice ziratangwa.Wu n'abandi.11 yashyizeho uburyo bwo guhanura imihangayiko iterwa na beto ya FRP ititaye ku ngaruka zingana.Moran et al.12 yasuzumye imitekerereze ya axial monotonic compression ya beto yagabanijwe hamwe na FRP ihanamye kandi ikomora umurongo uhangayitse.Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwavuzwe haruguru busuzuma cyane cyane itandukaniro riri hagati ya beto ifunze igice na beto ifunze neza.Uruhare rwa FRPs rugabanya igice igice gifatika ntabwo rwizwe muburyo burambuye.
Mubyongeyeho, ubushakashatsi bwasuzumye imikorere ya beto yagabanijwe na FRP mubijyanye nimbaraga zo kwikomeretsa, guhinduka kwingutu, modulus yambere ya elastique, hamwe na modulus ikomera mubihe bitandukanye.Tijani n'abandi.13,14 basanze gusana beto ya FRP bigabanuka hamwe no kwangirika kwinshi mubushakashatsi bwo gusana FRP kuri beto yabanje kwangirika.Ma n'abandi.[15] Yize ku ngaruka z’ibyangiritse byambere ku nkingi zifatika za FRP kandi abona ko ingaruka z’ibyangiritse ku mbaraga zidafite ishingiro ari ntangere, ariko zagize ingaruka zikomeye ku guhindagurika kuruhande no kurekure.Ariko, Cao n'abandi.16 byarebaga umurongo uhangayikishije umurongo hamwe nuguhagarika amabahasha amabahasha ya FRP yagabanijwe na beto yangijwe no kwangirika kwambere.Usibye ubushakashatsi ku kunanirwa kwambere kwambere, ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwakozwe no ku burebure bwa beto ya FRP mu bihe bidukikije.Aba bahanga bakoze ubushakashatsi ku iyangirika rya beto yabujijwe na FRP mu bihe bibi kandi bakoresheje uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibyangiritse kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo gutesha agaciro ubuzima bwa serivisi.Xie n'abandi.17 yashyize beto yabujijwe na FRP mubidukikije bya hydrothermal hanyuma isanga imiterere ya hydrothermal yagize ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere ya mashini ya FRP, bigatuma imbaraga zayo zo kwikuramo zigabanuka buhoro buhoro.Mubidukikije-acide, intera iri hagati ya CFRP na beto irangirika.Mugihe igihe cyo kwibiza cyiyongera, umuvuduko wo kurekura ingufu zo gusenya urwego rwa CFRP uragabanuka cyane, amaherezo biganisha ku gusenya ingero zifatika 18,19,20.Byongeye kandi, abahanga bamwe na bamwe bakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka zo gukonjesha no gukonjesha kuri beto ya FRP.Liu et al.21 yavuze ko rebar ya CFRP ifite igihe kirekire mugihe cyizuba gikonje gishingiye kumikorere igereranije, imbaraga zo kwikuramo, hamwe nikigereranyo cyo guhangayika.Mubyongeyeho, hasabwa icyitegererezo gifitanye isano no kwangirika kwimiterere ya beto.Ariko, Peng et al.22 yabaze ubuzima bwa CFRP hamwe na beto zifatika ukoresheje ubushyuhe hamwe namakuru ya cycle-thaw cycle.Guang n'abandi.23 bakoze ibizamini byihuse bikonjesha bya beto hanyuma batanga uburyo bwo gusuzuma ubukonje bushingiye ku bunini bwurwego rwangiritse munsi yubukonje.Yazdani n'abandi.24 yize ku ngaruka za FRP ku kwinjira kwa chloride ion muri beto.Ibisubizo byerekana ko urwego rwa FRP rwihanganira imiti kandi rukarinda beto y'imbere kuva ioni yo hanze ya chloride.Liu et al.25 bigereranya ibishishwa byibishishwa bya sulfate yangiritse ya beto ya FRP, ikora icyitegererezo, kandi yahanuye ko izangirika rya FRP-beto.Wang n'abandi.26 yashyizeho uburyo bwo guhangayikishwa na sulfate-yangiritse ya beto ya FRP ikoresheje ibizamini byo guhuzagurika.Zhou n'abandi.[27] Yize ku byangiritse kuri beto idasobanuwe yatewe no kuzunguruka gukonjesha umunyu kandi ku nshuro ya mbere yakoresheje imikorere y’ibikoresho isobanura uburyo bwo kunanirwa.Ubu bushakashatsi bwateye intambwe igaragara mugusuzuma uburebure bwa beto ya FRP.Nyamara, abashakashatsi benshi bibanze ku kwerekana itangazamakuru ryangiza mu bihe bimwe.Beto ikunze kwangirika kubera isuri ifitanye isano nibidukikije bitandukanye.Ibi bidukikije byahujwe nibidukikije byangiza cyane imikorere ya beto yabujijwe na FRP.
Kuzunguruka no gukonjesha ni ibintu bibiri bisanzwe byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumurambe wa beto.Ikoranabuhanga rya FRP rishobora kunoza imiterere ya beto.Ikoreshwa cyane mubuhanga nubushakashatsi, ariko kuri ubu ifite aho igarukira.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwibanze ku kurwanya beto ya FRP yagabanijwe na sulfate yangirika mu turere dukonje.Igikorwa cyo gutwarwa nisuri yuzuye, igice gifunze kandi gifunguye na sodium sulfate na freze-thaw gikwiye ubushakashatsi burambuye, cyane cyane uburyo bushya bufunze igice cyasobanuwe muriki kiganiro.Ingaruka zo gushimangira inkingi zifatika nazo zizwe no guhana gahunda yo kugumana FRP no gutwarwa nisuri.Impinduka za Microcosmic na macroscopique murugero rwatewe no gutwarwa nisuri yaranzwe na microscope ya electron, ikizamini cya pH, microscope ya SEM electronique, isesengura ryingufu za EMF hamwe nikizamini cya uniaxial.Byongeye kandi, ubu bushakashatsi buganira ku mategeko agenga umubano uhangayikishije ubaho mu gupima imashini idasanzwe.Ikigeragezo cyagenzuwe kugarukira no kugereranya agaciro byemejwe nisesengura ryamakosa ukoresheje uburyo bune bugarukira.Icyitegererezo cyatanzwe kirashobora guhanura byimazeyo imbaraga nimbaraga zibintu, bifite akamaro mumyitozo yo gushimangira FRP.Hanyuma, ikora nk'ifatizo ryibitekerezo bya FRP ya beto yo kurwanya ubukonje.
Ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza kwangirika kwa beto ya FRP ikoresheje sulfate yumuti wa ruswa hamwe na cycle-thaw cycle.Impinduka za Microscopique na macroscopique zatewe nisuri zifatika zerekanwe hakoreshejwe scanning electron microscopi, gupima pH, EDS ingufu za sprosroscopi, hamwe no gupima imashini.Byongeye kandi, imiterere yubukanishi hamwe nimpinduka-ihangayikishije ya FRP iterwa na beto yatewe nisuri ihuriweho niperereza ryakozwe hakoreshejwe ubushakashatsi bwo kwikuramo axial.
FRP Ifunze beto igizwe na beto mbisi, ibikoresho byo hanze bya FRP hamwe na epoxy yometse.Ibikoresho bibiri byo hanze byatoranijwe byatoranijwe: CFRP na GRP, imiterere yibikoresho bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Epoxy resin A na B yakoreshejwe nk'ibiti (kuvanga igipimo cya 2: 1 ku bunini).Umuceri.1 yerekana ibisobanuro birambuye byo kubaka ibikoresho bivanze.Mu gishushanyo 1a, Swan PO 42.5 sima ya Portland yakoreshejwe.Igiteranyo kibisi ni ugusenyuka ibuye rya basalt hamwe na diameter ya 5-10 na 10-19 mm, nkuko bigaragara mumitini.1b na c.Nkuzuza neza mu gishushanyo 1g yakoresheje umucanga wumugezi usanzwe ufite modulus nziza ya 2.3.Tegura igisubizo cya sodium sulfate iva muri granules ya sodium sulfate ya anhydrous hamwe namazi runaka.
Ibigize uruvange rwa beto: a - sima, b - igiteranyo cya mm 5-10, c - igiteranyo cya mm 10–19, d - umusenyi winzuzi.
Igishushanyo mbonera cya beto ni 30 MPa, bivamo beto ya sima nshya ya mm 40 kugeza 100.Ikigereranyo cyo kuvanga beto cyerekanwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 2, naho igipimo cya coarse igiteranyo cya mm 5-10 na mm 10-20 ni 3: 7.Ingaruka yimikoranire nibidukikije yagereranijwe no kubanza gutegura igisubizo cya 10% NaSO4 hanyuma ugasuka igisubizo mubyumba bikonjesha.
Imvange ya beto yateguwe muri 0.5 m3 ivanga ku gahato kandi igice cyose cya beto cyakoreshejwe mugushiraho ingero zisabwa.Mbere ya byose, ibikoresho bya beto byateguwe ukurikije imbonerahamwe ya 2, hamwe na sima, umucanga hamwe nigiteranyo cyateganijwe mbere yiminota itatu.Noneho gukwirakwiza amazi hanyuma ukangure muminota 5.Ibikurikira, ibyitegererezo byajugunywe mubibumbano bya silindrike hanyuma bigashyirwa kumeza yinyeganyeza (diameter ya cm 10, uburebure bwa cm 20).
Nyuma yo gukira iminsi 28, ibyitegererezo byari bipfunyitse hamwe nibikoresho bya FRP.Ubu bushakashatsi buganira ku buryo butatu bwo gushimangira inkingi zifatika, zirimo gufunga byuzuye, igice kimwe, kandi ntigabanijwe.Ubwoko bubiri, CFRP na GFRP, bikoreshwa mubikoresho bike.FRP Ifunze byuzuye igikonoshwa cya beto, cm 20 z'uburebure na cm 39 z'uburebure.Hejuru no hepfo ya beto ihujwe na FRP ntabwo yashyizweho kashe na epoxy.Ikizamini cya kimwe cya kabiri cya hermetic nkubuhinga bwa vuba bwogukoresha ikirere bwasobanuwe kuburyo bukurikira.
(2) Ukoresheje umutegetsi, shushanya umurongo hejuru ya silindrike ya beto kugirango umenye aho imirongo ya FRP ihagaze, intera iri hagati yimigozi ni cm 2,5.Noneho uzenguruke kaseti ahantu hafatika aho FRP idakenewe.
.Noneho intoki shyira imirongo ya fibre yububiko hejuru ya beto hanyuma ukande icyuho kugirango fiberglass ihame rwose hejuru yubuso kandi irinde umwuka mubi.Hanyuma, komatanya imirongo ya FRP hejuru ya beto kuva hejuru kugeza hasi, ukurikije ibimenyetso byakozwe numutegetsi.
(4) Nyuma yigice cyisaha, reba niba beto yatandukanye na FRP.Niba FRP iranyerera cyangwa isohoka, igomba guhita ikosorwa.Ingero zabumbwe zigomba gukira iminsi 7 kugirango imbaraga zikire.
(5) Nyuma yo gukira, koresha icyuma cyingirakamaro kugirango ukure kaseti hejuru ya beto, hanyuma ubone igice cya hermetic FRP inkingi.
Ibisubizo munsi yimbogamizi zitandukanye byerekanwe mumitini.2. Igishushanyo cya 2a cyerekana beto ya CFRP ifunze neza, Igishushanyo 2b cyerekana igice rusange cya CFRP, Igice cya 2c cyerekana beto ya GFRP ifunze byuzuye, naho ishusho ya 2d yerekana beto ya CFRP.
Imisusire ifunze: (a) CFRP ifunze byuzuye;(b) igice cya kabiri gifunze karuboni;(c) ifunze rwose muri fiberglass;(d) fiberglass ya kimwe cya kabiri.
Hano haribintu bine byingenzi byateguwe kugirango hakorwe iperereza ku ngaruka z’imbogamizi za FRP hamwe n’isuri bikurikirana ku mikorere yo kurwanya isuri ya silinderi.Imbonerahamwe 3 yerekana umubare wibyitegererezo bifatika.Icyitegererezo kuri buri cyiciro cyari kigizwe nibintu bitatu bisa kugirango bigumane amakuru.Ikigereranyo cyintangarugero eshatu cyasesenguwe kubisubizo byose byubushakashatsi muriyi ngingo.
(1) Ibikoresho byo mu kirere bishyirwa mu byiciro bya karubone cyangwa fiberglass.Ikigereranyo cyakozwe ku ngaruka zubwoko bubiri bwa fibre ku gushimangira beto.
.Kurwanya isuri ya kimwe cya kabiri gifunze inkingi zagereranijwe nubundi bwoko bubiri.
.Ingaruka yisuri ihujwe kuri FRP-ibujijwe inkingi zifatika yarizwe.
(4) Ibice by'ibizamini bigabanijwe mu matsinda atatu.Itsinda rya mbere ni ugupfunyika FRP hanyuma ikabora, itsinda rya kabiri ni ruswa mbere hanyuma igapfundikira, naho itsinda rya gatatu ni ruswa mbere hanyuma igapfunyika hanyuma ikangirika.
Uburyo bwubushakashatsi bukoresha imashini yipimisha kwisi yose, imashini yipimisha ikabije, igice cyikonje cyikonje (ubwoko bwa CDR-Z), microscope ya electron, metero pH, igipimo cyimiterere, igikoresho cyo kwimura, microscope ya SEM, na an Isesengura ry'ingufu za EDS muri ubu bushakashatsi.Icyitegererezo ni inkingi ya beto ya cm 10 z'uburebure na cm 20 z'umurambararo.Beto yakize muminsi 28 nyuma yo gusuka no guhuzagurika, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3a.Ingero zose zamanuwe nyuma yo guterwa hanyuma zibikwa iminsi 28 kuri 18-22 ° C na 95% nubushyuhe bugereranije, hanyuma ingero zimwe zipfunyika fibre.
Uburyo bw'ikizamini: (a) ibikoresho byo gukomeza ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe buhoraho;(b) imashini izunguruka ikonjesha;(c) imashini isuzuma isi yose;(d) ibizamini bya pH;(e) kwitegereza microscopique.
Ikigeragezo cyo gukonjesha gikoresha uburyo bwa flash freeze nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3b.Dukurikije GB / T 50082-2009 “Ibipimo biramba bya beto isanzwe”, ingero za beto zinjijwe rwose mu gisubizo cya sodium sulfate 10% kuri 15-20 ° C mu minsi 4 mbere yo gukonjesha no gukonja.Nyuma yibyo, igitero cya sulfate gitangira kandi kirangirira icyarimwe hamwe na cycle-thaw cycle.Igihe cyo gukonjesha-gukonjesha ni amasaha 2 kugeza kuri 4, kandi igihe cyo gukonjesha ntigomba kuba munsi ya 1/4 cyigihe cyizunguruka.Icyitegererezo cy'ubushyuhe bugomba kubungabungwa kuva kuri (-18 ± 2) kugeza kuri (5 ± 2) ° С.Inzibacyuho kuva mukonje kugeza kuri defrosting ntigomba kurenza iminota icumi.Ingero eshatu za silindrike zisa na buri cyiciro zakoreshejwe mu kwiga kugabanya ibiro hamwe na pH ihinduka ryumuti hejuru ya 25 ya freze-thaw, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3d.Nyuma ya buri cyiciro 25 cyo gukonjesha, ingero zavanyweho kandi hejuru yisuku mbere yo kumenya uburemere bushya (Wd).Ubushakashatsi bwose bwakorewe muri bitatu byikitegererezo, kandi impuzandengo yagereranijwe yakoreshejwe kugirango baganire kubisubizo byikizamini.Inzira zo gutakaza misa nimbaraga zicyitegererezo zagenwe kuburyo bukurikira:
Muri formula, ΔWd ni ugutakaza ibiro (%) byicyitegererezo nyuma ya buri cyiciro cya 25 cya freze-thaw, W0 nuburemere buringaniye bwikitegererezo cya beto mbere yikizunguruka (kg), Wd nuburemere buringaniye.uburemere bw'icyitegererezo nyuma ya 25 ya freze-thaw cycle (kg).
Imbaraga zo gutesha agaciro coefficient yicyitegererezo irangwa na Kd, kandi formulaire yo kubara niyi ikurikira:
Muri formula, ΔKd ni igipimo cyo gutakaza imbaraga (%) yicyitegererezo nyuma ya buri cyiciro cya 50 cya freze-thaw, f0 nimbaraga zisanzwe zicyitegererezo mbere yo gukonjesha (MPa), fd nimbaraga zisanzwe za icyitegererezo gifatika kuri 50 ya freze-thaw cycle (MPa).
Ku mutini.3c yerekana imashini yipimisha igerageza kubintu bifatika.Dukurikije “Ibipimo ngenderwaho byuburyo bwo gupima ibintu bifatika na mashini bya beto” (GBT50081-2019), hasobanuwe uburyo bwo kugerageza inkingi zifatika kugirango imbaraga zogusenyuka.Igipimo cyo gupakira mubizamini byo kwikuramo ni 0.5 MPa / s, kandi bikomeza kandi bikurikirana bikoreshwa mugupimisha.Umubano-wo kwimura umubano kuri buri cyitegererezo wanditswe mugihe cyo kugerageza imashini.Ibipimo bya strain byari bifatanye hejuru yinyuma ya beto na FRP ibice byikigereranyo kugirango bapime umurongo wa axial na horizontal.Ingirabuzimafatizo ikoreshwa mugupima imashini kugirango yandike impinduka zintangarugero mugihe cyo kwikuramo.
Buri cyerekezo 25 cyo gukonjesha, icyitegererezo cyumuti wa freeze-thaw cyakuweho gishyirwa mubintu.Ku mutini.3d yerekana ikizamini cya pH cyicyitegererezo cyibisubizo muri kontineri.Isuzuma rya Microscopique yubuso hamwe nigice cyambukiranya icyitegererezo mugihe gikonje-cyerekanwe mubishusho 3d.Imiterere yubuso bwintangarugero zitandukanye nyuma ya 50 na 100 cycle-free-thaw cycle ya sulfate yagaragaye munsi ya microscope.Microscope ikoresha gukuza 400x.Iyo witegereje hejuru yicyitegererezo, isuri yurwego rwa FRP nigice cyo hanze cya beto iragaragara cyane.Kwitegereza igice cyambukiranya icyitegererezo ahanini gihitamo imiterere yisuri intera ya mm 5, 10 na 15 kuva kurwego rwo hanze.Gukora ibicuruzwa bya sulfate hamwe na cycle-thaw cycle bisaba gukomeza kwipimisha.Kubwibyo, ubuso bwahinduwe bwurugero rwatoranijwe rwasuzumwe hifashishijwe scanning electron microscope (SEM) ifite ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza ingufu (EDS).
Reba neza hejuru yicyitegererezo hamwe na microscope ya electron hanyuma uhitemo gukuza 400X.Urwego rwo kwangirika kwubutaka muri kimwe cya kabiri gifunze kandi kidahujwe na beto ya GRP munsi yubukonje bukabije hamwe no guhura na sulfate ni ndende cyane, mugihe muri beto ifunze byuzuye ni ntagaciro.Icyiciro cya mbere kivuga ko habaho isuri ya beto itemba yubusa na sodium sulfate no kuva kuri 0 kugeza 100 byikonjesha, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4a.Ingero zifatika zitagira ubukonje zifite ubuso bworoshye butarimo ibintu bigaragara.Nyuma yisuri 50, blp block hejuru yubutaka igice cyakuweho, kigaragaza igikonjo cyera cya pulp.Nyuma yisuri 100, ibishishwa byibisubizo byaguye burundu mugihe cyo kugenzura amashusho yubuso.Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Microscopique bwerekanye ko ubuso bwa 0 bwakonjeshejwe bwa beto yangiritse neza kandi igiteranyo hamwe na minisiteri byari mu ndege imwe.Ubuso butaringaniye, bubi bwagaragaye hejuru ya beto yangijwe ninzinguzingo 50 zikonje.Ibi birashobora gusobanurwa nuko bimwe bya minisiteri byangiritse kandi umubare muto wa kirisiti yera ya kirisiti ifata hejuru, bigizwe ahanini na kristu yegeranye, minisiteri na cyera.Nyuma yinzinguzingo 100 zo gukonjesha, igice kinini cya kirisiti yera yagaragaye hejuru ya beto, mugihe igiteranyo cyijimye cyijimye cyagaragaye kubidukikije.Kugeza ubu, ubuso bwa beto bugaragara cyane hamwe hamwe na kirisiti yera.
Morphologiya yinkingi ya beto isenyuka: (a) inkingi ya beto itagabanijwe;(b) igice cya kabiri gifunze karuboni fibre ikomeza;(c) GRP igizwe na beto;(d) ifunze neza ya CFRP;(e) GRP beto igice gifunze beto.
Icyiciro cya kabiri ni ukubora igice cya hermetic CFRP na GRP inkingi za beto munsi yikizunguruka no guhura na sulfate, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4b, c.Ubugenzuzi bugaragara (1x magnification) bwerekanye ko ifu yera yabayeho buhoro buhoro hejuru ya fibrous layer, ihita igwa vuba niyongera ryumubare wikizunguruka.Isuri itagira umupaka isuri ya kimwe cya kabiri cya hermetic ya FRP ya beto yagaragaye cyane uko umubare wikizunguruka cyakonje wariyongereye.Ikintu kigaragara cyo "kubyimba" (hejuru yubuso bwigisubizo cyinkingi ifatika iri hafi gusenyuka).Nyamara, gukuramo ibice bibangamiwe igice na fibre fibre yegeranye).Munsi ya microscope, fibre ya karubone fibre igaragara nkudodo twera kumurongo wumukara kuri 400x.Bitewe nuburyo buzengurutse fibre no guhura nurumuri rutaringaniye, bigaragara ko byera, ariko fibre ya karubone ubwayo ni umukara.Fiberglass yabanje kumera nk'urudodo rwera, ariko iyo uhuye na afashe iba mucyo kandi imiterere ya beto imbere muri fiberglass iragaragara neza.Fiberglass yera yera naho binder ni umuhondo.Byombi biroroshye cyane mubara, bityo ibara rya kole rizahisha imirongo ya fiberglass, itanga muri rusange isura yumuhondo.Fibre ya karubone nikirahure irinzwe kwangirika na epoxy resin yo hanze.Mugihe umubare wibitero bya freze-thaw wariyongereye, ibyuho byinshi hamwe na kristu nke zera byagaragaye hejuru.Mugihe sulfate ikonjesha yiyongera, binder igenda iba ntoya, ibara ry'umuhondo rirazimira kandi fibre igaragara.
Icyiciro cya gatatu ni ruswa ya beto ya CFRP na GRP ifunze byuzuye munsi yubukonje bukabije no guhura na sulfate, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4d, e.Na none, ibisubizo byarebaga bisa nibyo kubwoko bwa kabiri bwabujijwe igice cya beto.
Gereranya ibintu byagaragaye nyuma yo gukoresha uburyo butatu bwo kubisobanura byasobanuwe haruguru.Uturemangingo twa fibrous muri beto ya FRP yuzuye ikomeza guhagarara neza uko umubare wikizunguruka cyiyongera.Kurundi ruhande, impeta yimpeta yoroha hejuru.Epoxy isubirana cyane cyane hamwe na hydrogène ion ikora muri acide sulfurique ifunguye kandi ntibishobora gukorana na sulfate28.Rero, birashobora gutekerezwa ko isuri ihindura cyane cyane imiterere yikigiti gifatika bitewe nizuba ryikonje, bityo bigahindura ingaruka zishimangira FRP.Ubuso bwa beto ya FRP igice cya hermetic beto ifite isuri imwe nubuso butagabanijwe.Igice cyacyo cya FRP gihuye na FRP igizwe na beto yuzuye neza, kandi ibyangiritse ntabwo bigaragara.Nyamara, muri beto ya GRP ifunze igice kinini, isuri nini igaragara aho imirongo ya fibre ihurira na beto yagaragaye.Isuri yimiterere igaragara igaragara cyane uko umubare wikizunguruka gikonja wiyongera.
Imbere ya beto ifunze neza, ifunze igice, kandi itagabanijwe ya beto ya FRP yerekanaga itandukaniro rikomeye mugihe ikozwe nizuba ryikonje no guhura nibisubizo bya sulfate.Icyitegererezo cyaciwe mu buryo butandukanye kandi igice cyambukiranya cyagaragaye hakoreshejwe microscope ya electron kuri 400x.Ku mutini.5 yerekana amashusho ya microscopique intera ya mm 5, mm 10 na mm 15 uvuye kumupaka uri hagati ya beto na minisiteri.Byaragaragaye ko iyo umuti wa sodium sulfate uhujwe no gukonjesha, kwangirika kwa beto bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro kuva hejuru kugeza imbere.Kuberako isuri yimbere yimiterere ya CFRP na GFRP ifunzwe na beto ni kimwe, iki gice ntigereranya ibikoresho bibiri byabitswe.
Microscopique yitegereza imbere yikigice gifatika cyinkingi: (a) igarukira rwose kuri fiberglass;(b) igice gifunze hamwe na fiberglass;(c) bitagira imipaka.
Isuri y'imbere ya FRP ifunze neza irerekanwa mugitabo.5a.Ibice bigaragara kuri mm 5, hejuru birasa neza, nta kristu ihari.Ubuso buroroshye, nta kirisiti, uburebure bwa mm 10 kugeza kuri 15.Isuri y'imbere ya FRP igice cya hermetic beto irerekanwa mugitabo.5 B. Ibice na kristu byera bigaragara kuri 5mm na 10mm, kandi hejuru ni 15mm.Igicapo 5c cerekana ibice bya beto ya FRP aho wasangaga ibice kuri mm 5, 10 na 15.Kirisiti nke zera mumacakubiri zagiye ziba imbonekarimwe uko ibice byimukiye hanze ya beto bijya imbere.Inkingi zitagira iherezo zerekanaga isuri cyane, ikurikirwa na kimwe cya kabiri cya FRP ya beto.Sodium sulfate ntiyagize ingaruka nke imbere yimbere ya FRP yuzuye yuzuye ingero zirenga 100 zikonje.Ibi byerekana ko impamvu nyamukuru itera isuri ya beto ya FRP yuzuye ifitanye isano nisuri ikonjesha mugihe runaka.Kwitegereza igice cy'umusaraba byerekanaga ko igice cyahise mbere yo gukonjesha no gukonjesha cyari cyoroshye kandi kitarimo igiteranyo.Nkuko beto ikonjesha kandi ikonjesha, ibice bigaragara, kimwe nukuri kuri rusange, hamwe na kirisiti yera ya granular yera yuzuyeho ibice.Ubushakashatsi27 bwerekanye ko iyo beto ishyizwe mu gisubizo cya sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate izinjira muri beto, bimwe muri byo bikazagwa nka kristu ya sodium sulfate, abandi bakabyitwaramo na sima.Sodium sulfate kristu hamwe nibicuruzwa bisa na granules yera.
FRP igabanya rwose ibice bya beto mu isuri ihujwe, ariko igice kiroroshye nta kristu.Ku rundi ruhande, ibice bya beto bya FRP bifunze kandi bitagabanijwe byateje imbere ibice byimbere hamwe na kirisiti munsi yisuri.Ukurikije ibisobanuro byishusho hamwe nubushakashatsi bwabanje29, inzira yisuri ihuriweho na beto ya FRP itagabanijwe kandi yagabanijwemo ibice bibiri.Icyiciro cya mbere cyo gutobora gifitanye isano no kwaguka no kugabanuka mugihe cyo gukonjesha.Iyo sulfate yinjiye muri beto ikagaragara, sulfate ijyanye nayo yuzuza ibice byatewe no kugabanuka kuva gukonjesha no gukonjesha.Kubwibyo, sulfate igira ingaruka zidasanzwe zo kurinda beto hakiri kare kandi irashobora kunoza imiterere ya beto kurwego runaka.Icyiciro cya kabiri cyibitero bya sulfate kirakomeje, cyinjira mubice cyangwa icyuho no kwitwara hamwe na sima kugirango bibe alum.Nkigisubizo, igikoma gikura mubunini kandi gitera kwangirika.Muri iki gihe, kwaguka no kugabanuka bifitanye isano no gukonjesha no gukonjesha bizongera ibyangiritse imbere muri beto, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gutwara bugabanuka.
Ku mutini.6 yerekana ihinduka rya pH ryibisubizo bifatika byuburyo butatu bugenzurwa nyuma ya 0, 25, 50, 75, na 100 bikonje.Imipaka ya beto ya FRP itagabanijwe kandi ifunze igice cyerekana pH yihuta cyane kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 25 bikonje.Indangagaciro za pH ziyongereye kuva 7.5 zigera kuri 11.5 na 11.4.Mugihe umubare wikizunguruka cyikonje cyiyongereye, izamuka rya pH ryagiye gahoro gahoro nyuma yizuba rya 25-100.Indangagaciro za pH ziyongereye kuva 11.5 na 11.4 zigera kuri 12.4 na 11.84.Kuberako beto yuzuye ya FRP itwikiriye igipimo cya FRP, biragoye ko sodium sulfate igisubizo cyinjira.Mugihe kimwe, biragoye kubigize sima kwinjira mubisubizo byo hanze.Rero, pH yagiye yiyongera buhoro buhoro kuva kuri 7.5 igera kuri 8.0 hagati ya 0 na 100 cycle-thaw cycle.Impamvu yo guhinduka muri pH isesengurwa kuburyo bukurikira.Silikate muri beto ihuza hamwe na hydrogene ion mumazi kugirango ikore aside silike, naho OH isigaye izamura pH yumuti wuzuye.Impinduka muri pH yagaragaye cyane hagati ya 0-25 yo gukonjesha-gukonjesha kandi ntigaragare cyane hagati ya 25-100 yo gukonjesha 30.Nyamara, byagaragaye hano ko pH yakomeje kwiyongera nyuma yizuba rya 25-100.Ibi birashobora gusobanurwa nuko sodium sulfate ikora chimique imbere imbere ya beto, igahindura pH yumuti.Isesengura ryibigize imiti ryerekana ko beto ikora na sodium sulfate muburyo bukurikira.
Inzira (3) na (4) zerekana ko sodium sulfate na calcium hydroxide ya calcium muri sima ikora gypsumu (calcium sulfate), na calcium sulfate ikomeza kwitwara hamwe na calcium metaaluminate muri sima kugirango ikore kristu ya alum.Igisubizo (4) kijyana no gushiraho OH- shingiro, biganisha ku kwiyongera kwa pH.Na none, kubera ko iyi reaction idasubirwaho, pH izamuka mugihe runaka kandi ihinduka buhoro.
Ku mutini.7a yerekana gutakaza ibiro bya GRP bifunze byuzuye, bifunze igice, kandi bifatanije na beto ya GRP mugihe cyikonje-thaw cyumuti wa sulfate.Impinduka zigaragara cyane mubihombo rusange ni beto itagabanijwe.Beto itagira umupaka yatakaje hafi 3,2% yububiko bwayo nyuma yibitero 50 bya freze-thaw na 3.85% nyuma yibitero 100 bya freze-thaw.Ibisubizo byerekana ko ingaruka ziterwa nisuri zifatanije nubwiza bwa beto-yubusa igenda igabanuka uko umubare wikizunguruka cyiyongera.Nyamara, iyo witegereje hejuru yicyitegererezo, byagaragaye ko gutakaza minisiteri nyuma yinzinguzingo 100 zo gukonjesha byari byinshi kuruta nyuma ya 50 yikurikiranya.Ufatanije nubushakashatsi mu gice kibanziriza iki, birashobora gushidikanywaho ko kwinjira kwa sulfate muri beto biganisha ku gutinda kw'igihombo kinini.Hagati aho, imbere muri alum na gypsumu nazo zitera kugabanuka gahoro, nkuko byahanuwe na chimique (3) na (4).
Guhindura ibiro: (a) isano iri hagati yo guhindura ibiro n'umubare wikizunguruka;(b) isano iri hagati yimpinduka rusange nagaciro ka pH.
Impinduka zo kugabanya ibiro bya FRP igice cya hermetic beto ibanza kugabanuka hanyuma ikiyongera.Nyuma yinzinguzingo 50 zo gukonjesha, gutakaza cyane kwa kimwe cya kabiri cya hermetic fiberglass beto ni 1,3%.Kugabanuka ibiro nyuma yinzinguzingo 100 byari 0.8%.Kubwibyo, dushobora kwemeza ko sodium sulfate yinjira muri beto itemba ubusa.Byongeye kandi, kwitegereza hejuru yikizamini cyerekanye kandi ko imirongo ya fibre ishobora kurwanya amabuye ya minisiteri ahantu hafunguye, bityo kugabanya ibiro.
Impinduka mubihombo byinshi bya FRP ifunze byuzuye bitandukanye na bibiri byambere.Misa ntabwo itakaza, ariko yongeraho.Nyuma y’isuri 50 yubukonje, misa yiyongereyeho 0,08%.Nyuma inshuro 100, ubwinshi bwayo bwiyongereyeho 0.428%.Kubera ko beto yasutswe rwose, minisiteri hejuru ya beto ntiziva kandi ntibishoboka ko yatakaza ubuziranenge.Ku rundi ruhande, kwinjira mu mazi na sulfate biva hejuru cyane bikinjira imbere imbere muri beto nkeya nabyo bizamura ubwiza bwa beto.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe mbere kubyerekeranye isano iri hagati ya pH nigihombo kinini muri beto yagabanijwe na FRP mugihe cyangiza.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi buvuga cyane cyane isano iri hagati yo gutakaza imbaga, modulus ya elastique no gutakaza imbaraga.Ku mutini.7b yerekana isano iri hagati ya pH nigihombo kinini muburyo butatu.Icyitegererezo cyo guhanura kirasabwa guhanura igihombo gifatika ukoresheje uburyo butatu bwo kugumana kubiciro bitandukanye bya pH.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 7b, coefficient ya Pearson ni ndende, byerekana ko mubyukuri hari isano hagati ya pH nigihombo kinini.Indangagaciro ya r-kwaduka kubutaka butagabanijwe, igice cyabujijwe, hamwe na beto yuzuye byari 0.86, 0,75, na 0.96.Ibi byerekana ko pH ihinduka hamwe no gutakaza ibiro bya beto yuzuye iringaniye ugereranije na sulfate ndetse no gukonjesha.Muri beto itagabanijwe kandi igice cya hermetic FRP beto, pH yiyongera buhoro buhoro uko sima ikora hamwe nigisubizo cyamazi.Nkigisubizo, ubuso bwa beto burasenywa buhoro buhoro, biganisha kuburemere.Kurundi ruhande, pH ya beto ifunze neza ihinduka bike kuko igipande cya FRP kigabanya umuvuduko wimiti ya sima hamwe numuti wamazi.Kubwibyo, kuri beto ifunze neza, nta suri igaragara igaragara, ariko izongera ibiro kubera kwiyuzuza bitewe no kwinjiza ibisubizo bya sulfate.
Ku mutini.8 yerekana ibisubizo bya SEM scan yintangarugero hamwe na sodium sulfate freeze-thaw.Microscopi ya elegitoronike yasuzumye ingero zegeranijwe zivuye mu bice byakuwe mu gice cyo hanze cy’inkingi.Igishushanyo cya 8a ni scanning electron microscope ishusho ya beto idafunze mbere yisuri.Byerekanwe ko hari ibyobo byinshi hejuru yicyitegererezo, bigira ingaruka kumbaraga zinkingi ubwazo mbere yo gukonja.Ku mutini.8b yerekana microscope ya electron ya elegitoronike yuzuye ya beto ya FRP nyuma yikizunguruka 100.Ibice biri murugero kubera gukonjesha no gukonja birashobora kugaragara.Nyamara, ubuso burasa neza kandi nta kirisiti kuri yo.Kubwibyo, ibice bituzuye biragaragara cyane.Ku mutini.8c yerekana icyitegererezo cya sem-hermetic GRP beto nyuma yubukonje 100 bwubukonje.Biragaragara ko ibice byagutse kandi ibinyampeke bikozwe hagati.Bimwe muri ibyo bice bifatanyiriza hamwe.SEM scan yicyitegererezo cyurugero rudakumirwa rwerekanwe mubishusho 8d, ibintu bihuye nigice cyo kubuza.Kugirango turusheho gusobanura ibice bigize ibice, ibice byacitse byarushijeho gukuzwa no gusesengurwa hakoreshejwe EDS spectroscopy.Ibice ahanini biza muburyo butatu.Ukurikije isesengura ryingufu zerekana, ubwoko bwa mbere, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 9a, ni kristu isanzwe ihagarikwa, igizwe ahanini na O, S, Ca nibindi bintu.Muguhuza formula zabanjirije iyi (3) na (4), birashobora kwemezwa ko igice cyingenzi cyibikoresho ari gypsumu (calcium sulfate).Iya kabiri irerekanwa mu gishushanyo cya 9b;ukurikije isesengura ryingufu zingufu, ni ikintu cya acicular kitari icyerekezo, kandi ibyingenzi byingenzi ni O, Al, S na Ca.Gukomatanya ibisubizo byerekana ko ibikoresho bigizwe ahanini na alum.Igice cya gatatu cyerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 9c, ni blok idasanzwe, igenwa nisesengura ryingufu zingufu, ahanini zigizwe nibice O, Na na S. Byaragaragaye ko ahanini ari kristu ya sodium sulfate.Gusikana microscopi ya electron yerekanaga ko ibyuho byinshi byuzuyemo kristu ya sodium sulfate, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 9c, hamwe na gypsumu na alum nkeya.
Amashusho ya microscopique ya elegitoronike yintangarugero mbere na nyuma yo kwangirika: (a) gufungura beto mbere yo kubora;(b) nyuma yo kwangirika, fiberglass ifunze burundu;(c) nyuma yo kwangirika kwa GRP igice gifunze;(d) nyuma yo kwangirika kwa beto ifunguye.
Isesengura ridufasha gufata imyanzuro ikurikira.Amashusho ya microscope ya elegitoronike yintangarugero uko ari atatu yari 1k × kandi ibice n'ibicuruzwa by'isuri byabonetse kandi bigaragara mumashusho.Beto itagira umupaka ifite ibice binini kandi irimo ibinyampeke byinshi.FRP igice cyumuvuduko wa beto irutwa na beto idafite ingufu mubijyanye n'ubugari bwagutse no kubara ibice.Byuzuye bifunze beto ya FRP ifite ubugari buto buto kandi ntagace kamwe nyuma yo gutwarwa nisuri.Ibi byose byerekana ko beto ya FRP ifunze byuzuye aribwo buryo bworoshye kwibasirwa nisuri kuva gukonja no gukonja.Imiti yimiti imbere yugarijwe kandi ifunguye inkingi ya FRP iganisha kumyuka ya alum na gypsumu, kandi sulfate yinjira bigira ingaruka mbi.Mugihe inzitizi ya freze-thaw nintandaro nyamukuru yo gutobora beto, sulfate nibicuruzwa byabo byuzuza bimwe mubice byacitse.Nyamara, uko ubwinshi nigihe cyisuri byiyongera, ibice bikomeza kwaguka kandi ingano ya alum yakozwe ikiyongera, bikavamo gucikamo ibice.Kurangiza, gukonjesha-sulfate na sulfate bizagabanya imbaraga zinkingi.