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Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) irashobora kuboneka mumasoko karemano nkibimera nibiti.CNF-yongerewe imbaraga ya thermoplastique resin yibigize ifite ibintu byinshi, harimo imbaraga zubukanishi.Kubera ko imiterere yubukorikori bwa CNF-yongerewe imbaraga yibasiwe nubwinshi bwa fibre yongeweho, ni ngombwa kumenya ubunini bwa CNF yuzuza muri matrix nyuma yo guterwa inshinge cyangwa kubumba.Twemeje umubano mwiza hagati ya CNF hamwe no kwinjiza terahertz.Turashobora gutahura itandukaniro mubitekerezo bya CNF kumanota 1% dukoresheje terahertz umwanya wa domaine spectroscopy.Mubyongeyeho, twasuzumye imiterere yubukorikori bwa CNF nanocomposite dukoresheje amakuru ya terahertz.
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) mubusanzwe iri munsi ya 100 nm ya diametre kandi ikomoka kumasoko karemano nkibimera nibiti byibiti1,2.CNFs ifite imbaraga zo gukanika3, hejuru ya optique iboneye4,5,6, ubuso bunini, hamwe na coefficient yo kwagura ubushyuhe 7,8.Kubwibyo, biteganijwe ko bizakoreshwa nkibikoresho birambye kandi bikora neza mubikorwa bitandukanye, harimo ibikoresho bya elegitoronike9, ibikoresho byubuvuzi10 nibikoresho byubwubatsi11.Ibigize bishimangirwa na UNV biroroshye kandi birakomeye.Kubwibyo, CNF-yongerewe imbaraga irashobora gufasha kuzamura imikorere ya lisansi yimodoka bitewe nuburemere bwabyo.
Kugirango ugere kumikorere ihanitse, gukwirakwiza CNFs muri hydrophobic polymer matrices nka polypropilene (PP) ni ngombwa.Kubwibyo, harakenewe ibizamini bidasenya ibihimbano bishimangirwa na CNF.Igeragezwa ridasenya ibice bya polymer byavuzwe12,13,14,15,16.Byongeye kandi, ibizamini bidasenya ibice bya CNF bishimangirwa bishingiye kuri X-ray computing tomografiya (CT) byavuzwe 17.Ariko, biragoye gutandukanya CNF na matrices kubera itandukaniro rito ryishusho.Isesengura rya Fluorescent18 hamwe nisesengura rya infragre19 bitanga ishusho isobanutse ya CNFs na templates.Ariko, turashobora kubona amakuru yimbere gusa.Kubwibyo, ubu buryo busaba gukata (kugerageza gusenya) kugirango ubone amakuru yimbere.Kubwibyo, dutanga ibizamini bidasenya bishingiye kuri tekinoroji ya terahertz (THz).Umuhengeri wa Terahertz ni electromagnetic waves hamwe numurongo uri hagati ya 0.1 na 10 terahertz.Imiraba ya Terahertz iragaragara mubikoresho.By'umwihariko, polymer n'ibiti bisobanutse kuri terahertz waves.Isuzuma ryerekezo ryamazi ya kirisiti ya kirisiti21 hamwe no gupima ihindagurika rya elastomers22,23 hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa terahertz.Byongeye kandi, terahertz gutahura ibyangiritse byatewe nudukoko n’indwara zandurira mu biti byagaragaye 24,25.
Turasaba gukoresha uburyo bwo kwipimisha budasenya kugirango tubone imiterere yubukorikori bwa CNF-yongerewe imbaraga ikoresheje tekinoroji ya terahertz.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, dukora iperereza kuri terahertz yerekanwe ya CNF ikomezwa (CNF / PP) kandi twerekana ikoreshwa ryamakuru ya terahertz kugirango tugereranye ubunini bwa CNF.
Kubera ko ibyitegererezo byateguwe no guterwa inshinge, birashobora guterwa na polarisiyasi.Ku mutini.1 yerekana isano iri hagati ya polarisiyasi yumuraba wa terahertz nicyerekezo cyicyitegererezo.Kugirango hemezwe ko polarisiyasi ishingiye kuri CNFs, imiterere ya optique yapimwe bitewe na vertical (Igishusho 1a) hamwe na polarisiyonike itambitse (Ishusho 1b).Mubisanzwe, abaterankunga bakoreshwa mugukwirakwiza kimwe CNF muri matrix.Ariko, ingaruka zo guhuza ibipimo bya THz ntabwo byizwe.Ibipimo byubwikorezi biragoye niba terahertz iyinjizwa rya compibilizer iri hejuru.Mubyongeyeho, imiterere ya THz optique (indangagaciro yo kwanga no kwinjiza coeffisente) irashobora guterwa no kwibumbira hamwe.Mubyongeyeho, hariho homopolymerized polypropylene no guhagarika matrices ya polypropilene kubintu bya CNF.Homo-PP ni polypropilene homopolymer gusa hamwe no gukomera no kurwanya ubushyuhe.Hagarika polypropilene, izwi kandi nka copolymer, ifite ingaruka nziza zo guhangana na homopolymer polypropylene.Usibye PP ya homopolymerized PP, guhagarika PP ikubiyemo kandi ibice bigize Ethylene-propylene copolymer, kandi icyiciro cya amorphous cyakuwe muri copolymer kigira uruhare rusa na reberi mukunywa.Terahertz yerekanwe ntabwo yagereranijwe.Kubwibyo, twabanje kugereranya THz spektr ya OP, harimo na compibilizer.Mubyongeyeho, twagereranije terahertz spectra ya homopolypropylene no guhagarika polypropilene.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gupima ibipimo bya CNF-byongerewe imbaraga.(a) guhagarikwa guhagaritse, (b) gutambuka gutambitse.
Ingero zo guhagarika PP zateguwe hifashishijwe anhydride polypropilene ya manic (MAPP) nkumuhuza (Umex, Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.).Ku mutini.2a, b yerekana indangagaciro ya THz yangiritse yabonetse kuri vertical na horizontal polarizasiyo.Ku mutini.2c, d yerekana ko coefficient ya THz yakiriwe yabonetse kuri vertical na horizontal polarisiyasi.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.2a - 2d, nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryagaragaye hagati yumutungo wa terahertz optique (indangantege ya refractive na coefficient coefficient) kugirango uhagarike kandi utambitse.Mubyongeyeho, abaterankunga bafite ingaruka nke kubisubizo bya THz.
Ibintu byiza bya PP nyinshi hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye byahujwe: mu cyerekezo gitambitse.
Twakurikiranye gupima neza-PP na homo-PP.Ku mutini.Igishushanyo cya 3a na 3b byerekana ibipimo bya THz byerekana ibintu byinshi byuzuye PP hamwe na PP yera ya homogeneous PP, byabonetse kuri vertical na horizontal polarisiyasi.Indanganturo yo guhagarika PP na homo PP iratandukanye gato.Ku mutini.Igishushanyo cya 3c na 3d byerekana ko coefficient ya THz yo kwinjiza ya blok ya PP yuzuye hamwe na homo-PP yabonetse kuri vertical na horizontal polarizasiyo.Nta tandukanyirizo ryagaragaye hagati ya coefficient zo kwinjiza PP na homo-PP.
(a) guhagarika indangagaciro ya PP, (b) indangagaciro ya PP ya homo,
Mubyongeyeho, twasuzumye ibihimbano bishimangirwa na CNF.Muri THz ibipimo bya CNF-bishimangiwe nibintu, birakenewe kwemeza CNF ikwirakwira.Kubwibyo, twabanje gusuzuma ikwirakwizwa rya CNF mubihimbano dukoresheje amashusho ya infragre mbere yo gupima imiterere ya optique ya terahertz.Tegura ibice byambukiranya urugero ukoresheje microtome.Amashusho ya infragre yabonetse hakoreshejwe sisitemu yerekana amashusho ya Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) (Imbere-Spotlight400, gukemura 8 cm-1, ubunini bwa pigiseli 1.56 µm, kwegeranya inshuro 2 / pigiseli, ahantu hapimwa 200 × 200 µm, PerkinElmer).Ukurikije uburyo bwatanzwe na Wang et al.17,26, buri pigiseli yerekana agaciro kabonetse mugabanye ubuso bwa cm 1050 cm-1 uhereye kuri selile hamwe nubuso bwa cm 1380 cm-1 na polypropilene.Igicapo ca 4 cerekana amashusho yerekana ishusho yikwirakwizwa rya CNF muri PP ubarwa uhereye kuri coefficient de coiffure ya CNF na PP.Twabonye ko hari ahantu henshi CNF yakusanyirijwe cyane.Mubyongeyeho, coefficente yo gutandukana (CV) yabazwe mugukoresha impuzandengo ya filteri ifite ubunini butandukanye bwidirishya.Ku mutini.6 yerekana isano iri hagati yikigereranyo cyo kuyungurura idirishya na CV.
Ikwirakwizwa ryibice bibiri bya CNF muri PP, ubarwa ukoresheje coeffisente yuzuye yo kwinjiza CNF kuri PP: (a) Guhagarika-PP / 1 wt.% CNF, (b) guhagarika-PP / 5 wt.% CNF, (c) guhagarika -PP / 10 wt% CNF, (d) guhagarika-PP / 20 wt% CNF, (e) homo-PP / 1 wt% CNF, (f) homo-PP / 5 wt% CNF, (g) homo -PP / 10 wt.%% CNF, (h) HomoPP / 20 wt% CNF (reba Amakuru yinyongera).
Nubwo kugereranya hagati yibitekerezo bitandukanye bidakwiye, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5, twabonye ko CNF muri blok PP na homo-PP byagaragaje gutatanya hafi.Kubitekerezo byose, usibye 1 wt% CNF, indangagaciro za CV zari munsi ya 1.0 hamwe nicyerekezo cyoroheje.Kubwibyo, bafatwa nk'abatatanye cyane.Muri rusange, CV indangagaciro zikunda kuba hejuru kubunini bwidirishya rito murwego rwo hasi.
Isano iri hagati yikigereranyo cyo gushungura idirishya ryubunini hamwe na coeffisente ya dispersion ya coeffisente yo kwinjiza ibintu: (a) Guhagarika-PP / CNF, (b) Homo-PP / CNF.
Ibikoresho bya terahertz optique yibigize byakomejwe na CNFs byabonetse.Ku mutini.6 yerekana ibintu byiza bya PP / CNF byinshi hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bya CNF.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.6a na 6b, muri rusange, indangagaciro ya terahertz yo guhagarika PP na homo-PP yiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa CNF.Ariko, byari bigoye gutandukanya ingero na 0 na 1 wt.% Bitewe no guhuzagurika.Usibye indangagaciro zivunika, twemeje kandi ko coefficient ya terahertz yo kwinjiza byinshi PP na homo-PP yiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa CNF.Mubyongeyeho, turashobora gutandukanya ingero hamwe na 0 na 1 wt.% Kubisubizo bya coefficient de sisitemu, tutitaye ku cyerekezo cya polarisiyasi.
Ibintu byiza bya PP / CNF byinshi hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bya CNF: d) coefficient de coefficient homo-PP / UNV.
Twemeje isano iri hagati yo kwinjiza THz hamwe no kwibanda kwa CNF.Isano iri hagati yibitekerezo bya CNF hamwe na coefficient ya THz yo gukurura irerekanwa mumashusho 7.Guhagarika-PP na homo-PP ibisubizo byerekanaga umubano mwiza wumurongo hagati ya THz kwinjiza no kwibanda kwa CNF.Impamvu yu murongo mwiza irashobora gusobanurwa kuburyo bukurikira.Diameter ya fibre ya UNV ni nto cyane ugereranije nuburebure bwa terahertz.Kubwibyo, mubyukuri nta gutatanya imiraba ya terahertz murugero.Kubitegererezo bidatatana, kwinjiza no kwibanda bifite isano ikurikira (amategeko ya Beer-Lambert) 27.
aho A, ε, l, na c ari ugukurura, kwinjirira mu mara, uburebure bwinzira yumucyo binyuze muri sample ya matrix, hamwe nibitekerezo.Niba ε na l bihoraho, kwinjiza bigereranywa no kwibanda.
Isano iri hagati yo kwinjizwa muri THz hamwe na CNF hamwe numurongo ukwiye wabonetse kuburyo buto bwa kare: (a) Guhagarika-PP (1 THz), (b) Guhagarika-PP (2 THz), (c) Homo-PP (1 THz) , (d) Homo-PP (2 THz).Umurongo ukomeye: umurongo byibuze kare kare.
Imiterere yubukorikori bwa PP / CNF yabonetse kubintu bitandukanye bya CNF.Ku mbaraga zingana, imbaraga zo kugonda, no kugonda modulus, umubare wintangarugero wari 5 (N = 5).Kuri Charpy ingaruka zingirakamaro, ingano yicyitegererezo ni 10 (N = 10).Indangagaciro zijyanye n'ibipimo byangiza (JIS: Ubuyapani Inganda) kugirango bapime imbaraga za mashini.Ku mutini.Igishushanyo cya 8 cyerekana isano iri hagati yimiterere yubukanishi hamwe nubushakashatsi bwa CNF, harimo agaciro kagereranijwe, aho ibibanza byakomotse kumurongo wa 1 THz kalibrasi yerekanwe kumashusho 8. 7a, p.Imirongo yateguwe hashingiwe ku isano iri hagati yibitekerezo (0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt. Na 20% wt.) Hamwe nubukanishi.Ingingo zitatanye zateguwe ku gishushanyo mbonera cyabazwe hamwe nubukanishi kuri 0% wt., 1% wt., 5% wt., 10% wt.na 20% wt.
Ibikoresho bya tekinike ya blok-PP (umurongo uhamye) na homo-PP (umurongo ucagaguye) nkigikorwa cyo kwibanda kuri CNF, kwibanda kwa CNF muri block-PP ugereranije na coefficient ya THz yakuwe muri vertical polarisation (triangles), CNF yibanda kuri blok- PP PP Ikigereranyo cya CNF cyagereranijwe kuva coefficient ya THz yakuwe muri horizontal polarisation (umuzenguruko), kwibanda kwa CNF muri PP bifitanye isano byagereranijwe na coefficient ya THz yakuwe muri vertical polarisation (diyama), kwibanda kuri CNF mubijyanye nayo PP igereranijwe muri THz yabonetse muri horizontal polarisiyonike Igereranya coeffisente yo kwinjirira (kwaduka): (a) imbaraga zingana, (b) imbaraga zidasanzwe, (c) modulus ya flexural, (d) Imbaraga zingaruka zingirakamaro.
Muri rusange, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 8, imiterere yubukorikori bwa bloc polypropilene iruta homopolymer polypropylene.Ingaruka zingaruka za PP ukurikije Charpy zigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa concentration ya CNF.Kubijyanye no guhagarika PP, mugihe PP hamwe na CNF irimo masterbatch (MB) byavanze kugirango bibumbire hamwe, CNF yashizeho iminyururu n'iminyururu ya PP, nyamara, iminyururu imwe ya PP ifatanije na copolymer.Byongeye kandi, gutatanya birahagarikwa.Nkigisubizo, kopolymer ikurura ingaruka ihagarikwa na CNFs idatatanye bihagije, bigatuma kugabanuka kwingaruka.Kubijyanye na homopolymer PP, CNF na PP biratatanye neza kandi imiterere y'urusobekerane rwa CNF ikekwa ko ishinzwe gusunika.
Mubyongeyeho, ibarwa rya CNF ryabazwe ryateguwe kumurongo werekana isano iri hagati yimiterere nubukorikori bwa CNF.Ibisubizo wasangaga bitigenga kuri terahertz polarisation.Rero, turashobora kudasenya gusenya imiterere yubukorikori bwa CNF-yongerewe imbaraga, tutitaye kuri terahertz polarisation, dukoresheje ibipimo bya terahertz.
CNF-yongerewe imbaraga ya thermoplastique resin yibigize ifite ibintu byinshi, harimo imbaraga zubukanishi.Imiterere yubukorikori bwa CNF-yongerewe imbaraga yibikorwa bigira ingaruka kumubare wongeyeho fibre.Turasaba ko twakoresha uburyo bwo kwipimisha bidasenya dukoresheje amakuru ya terahertz kugirango tubone imiterere yubukorikori bwibikoresho bishimangirwa na CNF.Twabonye ko abaterankunga bakunze kongerwaho CNF bitagira ingaruka kubipimo bya THz.Turashobora gukoresha coeffisente yo kwinjiza murwego rwa terahertz kugirango dusuzume bidasenya isuzuma ryimiterere yimikorere ya CNF-yongerewe imbaraga, tutitaye kuri polarisiyasi murwego rwa terahertz.Mubyongeyeho, ubu buryo burakoreshwa kuri UNV guhagarika-PP (UNV / guhagarika-PP) hamwe na UNV homo-PP (UNV / homo-PP).Muri ubu bushakashatsi, hateguwe icyitegererezo cya CNF hamwe no gutatanya neza.Ariko, ukurikije uko inganda zikora, CNFs ntishobora gukwirakwizwa neza mubihimbano.Nkigisubizo, imiterere yubukorikori bwa CNF yangiritse kubera gutatana nabi.Terahertz imaging28 irashobora gukoreshwa kugirango idasenya kubona CNF ikwirakwizwa.Ariko, amakuru mubyerekezo byimbitse aragereranijwe kandi aragereranijwe.THz tomografiya 24 yo kongera kubaka 3D imbere irashobora kwemeza ikwirakwizwa ryimbitse.Rero, amashusho ya terahertz hamwe na terahertz tomografiya itanga amakuru arambuye dushobora gukora iperereza ku iyangirika ryimiterere yimashini iterwa na CNF inhomogeneity.Mugihe kizaza, turateganya gukoresha amashusho ya terahertz hamwe na terahertz tomografiya kuri CNF ikomezwa.
Sisitemu yo gupima THz-TDS ishingiye kuri laser ya femtosekond (ubushyuhe bwicyumba 25 ° C, ubuhehere 20%).Urumuri rwa femtosekond rugabanyijemo urumuri rwa pompe hamwe nigiti cya probe ukoresheje urumuri (BR) kugirango ubyare kandi umenye umuraba wa terahertz.Igiti cya pompe cyibanze kuri emitter (antenne ya Photoresistive).Amashanyarazi ya terahertz yibanze kumurongo wintangarugero.Ikibuno cyibiti bya terahertz yibanze ni mm 1.5 (FWHM).Igiti cya terahertz noneho kinyura murugero kandi cyegeranijwe.Igiti cyegeranijwe kigera kubakira (antenne ya Photoconductive).Muburyo bwo gusesengura ibipimo bya THz-TDS, yakiriwe na terahertz yumuriro wamashanyarazi yerekana ibimenyetso byerekana ibimenyetso hamwe nicyitegererezo mugihe cyagenwe gihindurwa mumashanyarazi yumurongo wa interineti (Eref (ω) na Esam (ω)), binyuze impinduka yihuse ya Fourier (FFT).Igikorwa cyo kwimura ibintu bigoye T (ω) birashobora kugaragazwa ukoresheje ikigereranyo cya 29 gikurikira
aho A ni igipimo cya amplitude yerekana ibimenyetso byerekana, na φ ni itandukaniro ryicyiciro hagati yerekana ibimenyetso byerekana.Noneho indangantego yo kwanga n (ω) hamwe na coefficient de sisitemu α (ω) irashobora kubarwa ukoresheje ibigereranyo bikurikira:
Imibare yatanzwe kandi / cyangwa yasesenguwe mugihe cyubu ubushakashatsi iraboneka kubanditsi babisabwe neza.
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